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A planned or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, and vocabulary have been consciously devised for human or human-like communication, instead of having developed naturally. It is also referred to as an artificial or invented language.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.eurovision.tv/page/news?id=554&_t=ishtar_for_belgium_to_belgrade )〕 There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language, such as: to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code), to give fiction or an associated constructed world an added layer of realism during worldbuilding, for experimentation in the fields of linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning, for artistic creation, and for language games. The expression ''planned language'' is sometimes used to mean international auxiliary languages and other languages designed for actual use in human communication. Some prefer it to the term "artificial", as that term may have pejorative connotations in some languages. Outside Esperanto culture, the term language planning means the prescriptions given to a natural language to standardize it; in this regard, even "natural languages" may be artificial in some respects. Prescriptive grammars, which date to ancient times for classical languages such as Latin and Sanskrit, are rule-based codifications of natural languages, such codifications being a middle ground between naive natural selection and development of language and its explicit construction. The term ''glossopoeia'' is also used to mean language construction, particularly construction of artistic languages.〔Sarah L. Higley: ''Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.〕 As a quantitative example of the use of conlangs within a country, the Hungarian census of 2001 found 4570 speakers of Esperanto, 10 for Romanid, 4 for Esperantido, 2 each for Interlingua and Ido and 1 each for Idiom Neutral and Mundolingue.〔(Ethnic affiliation, attachment of cultures, languages and language systems Hungarian statistical office ). The (Russian census (2010) ) found 992 speakers of Esperanto, 9 of Ido, 1 of Edo and no speakers of Slovio and Intelingua.〕 ==Planned, constructed, artificial== The terms "planned", "constructed", and "artificial" are used differently in some traditions. For example, few speakers of Interlingua consider their language artificial, since they assert that it has no invented content: Interlingua's vocabulary is taken from a small set of natural languages, and its grammar is based closely on these source languages, even including some degree of irregularity; its proponents prefer to describe its vocabulary and grammar as standardized rather than artificial or constructed. Similarly, Latino sine flexione (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed. As with Interlingua, some prefer to describe its development as "planning" rather than "constructing". Some speakers of Esperanto and Esperantidos also avoid the term "artificial language" because they deny that there is anything "unnatural" about the use of their language in human communication. By contrast, some philosophers have argued that all human languages are conventional or artificial. François Rabelais, for instance, stated: "C'est abus de dire que nous avons une langue naturelle; les langues sont par institution arbitraires et conventions des peuples." (''It's misuse to say that we have a natural language; languages are by institution arbitrary and conventions of peoples.'')〔François Rabelais, Œvres complètes, III, 19 (Paris: Seuil, 1973), cited in Claude Piron, ''Le Defi des Langues'' (L'Harmattan, 1994) ISBN 2-7384-2432-5.〕 An artificial language can also refer to languages which emerge naturally out of experimental studies within the framework of artificial language evolution. Further, fictional and experimental languages can be naturalistic in that they are meant to sound natural, have realistic amounts of irregularity, and, if derived ''a posteriori'' from a real-world natural language or real-world reconstructed proto-language (such as Vulgar Latin or Proto-Indo-European) or from a fictional proto-language, they try to imitate natural processes of phonological, lexical and grammatical change. In contrast with Interlingua, these languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication, and most artlangers would not consider Interlingua to be naturalistic in the sense in which this term is used in artlang criticism.〔("Re: "Naturalistic" for auxlangers vs artlangers?" ) AUXLANG mailing list post by Jörg Rhiemeier, 30 August 2009〕 Thus, a naturalistic fictional language tends to be more difficult and complex. While Interlingua has simpler grammar, syntax, and orthography than its source languages (though more complex and irregular than Esperanto or its descendants), naturalistic fictional languages typically mimic behaviors of natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns and complicated phonological processes. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「constructed language」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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